• Geoinformatics– science, technology and production activities on the scientific substantiation, design, creation, operation and use of geographic information systems, on the development of geographic information technologies, on GIS applications for practical and scientific purposes.

Geo Information system(GIS)-

is an information system that provides collection, storage, processing, access, display and analysis of spatial (spatially coordinated) data.

Data (spatial data):

• positional (geographic): the location of an object on the earth’s surface, its coordinates in the selected coordinate system;
• non-positional (attributed, or metadata) - descriptive text, electronic documents, graphic data, including photographs of objects, three-dimensional images of objects, video materials, etc.

• entering data into the machine environment (data input) by importing it from existing digital data sets or by digitizing sources;
• data transformation, including converting data from one format to another, transforming map projections, changing coordinate systems;
• storing, manipulating and managing data in internal and external databases;
• cartometric operations (see cartometry), including calculation of distances between objects in a map projection or on an ellipsoid, lengths of curved lines, perimeters and areas of polygonal objects;

• geodetic measurement operations (COGO);
• overlay operations (overlay);
• “map algebra” operations for logical-arithmetic processing of the raster layer as a whole;
• spatial analysis (spatial analysis) - a group of functions that provide analysis of the placement of connections and other spatial relationships of objects, including analysis of visibility/invisibility zones, neighborhood analysis (see proximity analysis), network analysis, creation and processing of digital elevation models, analysis of objects within buffer zones, etc.;

• spatial modeling or geo-modeling, including operations similar to those used in mathematical cartographic modeling and cartographic research method;
• visualization of source, derivative or final data and processing results, including cartographic visualization, design and creation (generation) of cartographic and other spatial images, including three-dimensional;
• data output - graphic, tabular and text documentation, including its replication, documentation, or report generation;
• decision making service

• digital image processing (remote sensing data);
• expert system tools;
• means of customization to user requirements (customization);
• tools for expanding GIS functionality:

• built-in macro languages ​​(macros); developer's toolkit.
• built-in macro languages ​​(macros);
• developer's toolkit.

• Each spatial object corresponds to a record in the database with a set of attribute information
• GIS stores information as a set of thematic layers that are combined based on geographic location

Examples of layers

• Settlements
• Car roads
• Railways
• Hydraulic structures (locks, canals, pumping stations, dams)
• Bridges
• Gas pipelines
• Protected areas (local, national and international significance)
• Agricultural land (arable land, orchards, vineyards, pastures, rice paddies)
• Lands for water, forest, environmental and agricultural purposes
• Vegetation cover (floods, forests)
• Administrative division, state border
• Watercourses (rivers, channels, small rivers)
• Reservoirs (lakes, fish ponds, etc.)
• Relief

Vector and raster data models

• In a vector model, information about points, lines, and polygons is encoded and stored as a set X,Y coordinates(in modern GIS, a third spatial and a fourth, for example, time coordinate are often added). The vector model is especially convenient for describing discrete objects and is less suitable for describing continuously changing properties (for example, population density).

Classes of problems to be solved

• Information and reference tasks
• Network tasks

(Analysis of geographic networks: streets, rivers, roads, pipelines, power or communication lines, etc.)

• Spatial analysis and modeling

Examples of queries that a GIS can answer

• Getting information by location
• Determining location based on information
• Temporal analysis of changes in objects on the territory
• Show spatial relationships and relationships between objects in a given area
• What if...? (“what if” analysis)

Areas of application of GIS

• Cadastre
• Operational services (Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Emergency Situations..)
• Oil and gas
• Transport
• Ecology
• Forestry
• Water resources
• Subsoil use
• Agriculture
• Geodesy, cartography, geography
• Telecommunications
• Engineering Communication
• Business
• Trade and services

• http :// www . geoportal . fr /
• http :// gki . com . ua

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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GIS (Geographic Information System) is a set of computer equipment, geographic data and software for collecting, processing, storing, modeling, analyzing and displaying all types of spatially referenced information. GIS is a modern computer technology for mapping and analyzing objects in the real world, as well as events occurring on our planet, in our lives and activities. GIS is computer system, allowing you to display the necessary data on electronic map. What is GIS?

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The structure of GIS is the components of GIS and the relationship between them: data (spatial data): geographic (location of an object on the earth's surface, photographs from space, aerial photographs), tabular or descriptive data associated with geographic; hardware (computer, computer and telecommunication networks, storage devices external memory, scanner, digitizers, etc.); software for storing, entering, analyzing and visualizing geographic information; technologies (methods, procedures, etc.); specialists who work with software products GIS structure

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GIS classification By territorial coverage: global GIS; subcontinental GIS; national GIS; regional GIS; subregional GIS; local or local GIS. By functionality: fully functional; GIS for viewing data; GIS for data entry and processing; specialized GIS.

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By management level: federal GIS; regional GIS; municipal GIS; corporate GIS. By subject area: cartographic; geological; city ​​or municipal GIS; environmental GIS, etc. GIS classification

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By problem-thematic orientation: general geographical; environmental and environmental management; industry (water resources, forestry, tourism, transport, etc.). According to the method of organizing geographic data: vector; raster; vector-raster. GIS classification

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Hardware Methods (technologies) Specialists GIS structure Geographic and descriptive data GIS structure

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A GIS stores information about the real world in the form of a set of thematic map layers and databases associated with these maps. How does GIS work?

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Vectorization is the establishment of formulaic relationships between lines and points Vectorization of maps is the conversion of a paper copy of a map or raster file into a vector format

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Composition of GIS Hardware; Software GIS software contains the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and visualize geographic (spatial) information. Data Data can be presented in the form of ready-made maps with the required thematic layers, or in the form of space and aerial photography, etc.

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Operations in GIS Data entry In geographic information systems, the process of creating digital maps is automated, which radically reduces the time of the technological cycle. Data management Geographic information systems store spatial and attribute data for their further analysis and processing. Data Query and Analysis Geographic information systems query the properties of objects located on the map and automate the process of complex analysis, comparing many parameters to obtain information or predict phenomena. Data visualization Convenient presentation of data directly affects the quality and speed of their analysis. Spatial data on interactive maps. Reports on the state of objects can be constructed in the form of graphs, diagrams, and three-dimensional images.

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Administrative-territorial management, urban planning and design of facilities; maintaining cadastres of engineering communications, land, urban planning, green spaces; forecast of emergency situations of technogenic and environmental nature; management of traffic flows and urban transport routes; building environmental monitoring networks; engineering-geological zoning of the city. Telecommunications trunk and cellular, traditional networks; strategic planning of telecommunication networks; selection of the optimal location of antennas, repeaters, etc.; determination of cable laying routes; network status monitoring; operational dispatch control. Application of GIS

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Engineering communications assessment of needs in water supply and sewerage networks; modeling the consequences of natural disasters for utility systems; design of engineering networks; monitoring the condition of utility networks and preventing emergency situations. Transport: road, rail, water, pipeline, air transport; management of transport infrastructure and its development; fleet management and logistics; traffic management, route optimization and cargo flow analysis. Application of GIS

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oil and gas complex, geological exploration and field survey work; monitoring of technological operating conditions of oil and gas pipelines; design of main pipelines; modeling and analysis of the consequences of emergency situations. law enforcement agencies, first responders, armed forces, police, fire services; planning rescue operations and security measures; modeling of emergency situations; strategic and tactical planning of military operations; navigation of first responders and other law enforcement agencies. ecology assessment and monitoring of the state of the natural environment; modeling of environmental disasters and analysis of their consequences; planning of environmental measures. Application of GIS

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Forestry strategic forestry management; logging management, forest access planning and road design; maintaining forest cadastres. Agriculture planning of agricultural land cultivation; accounting of landowners and arable land; optimization of transportation of agricultural products and mineral fertilizers. Application of GIS

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Satellite navigation system is a system designed to determine the location (geographic coordinates and altitude) of land, water and air objects. Satellite navigation system

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GPS GPS - satellite system navigation, providing distance, time and location measurements.

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Use of GPS/GLONASS GPS/GLONASS has a number of applications on land, at sea and in the air. Basically, they can be used wherever a satellite signal can be received, with the exception of inside buildings, in mines and caves, underground and under water.

The essence and basic concepts of GIS Geographic information systems (also GIS) designed for collecting, storing, analyzing and graphically visualizing spatial data and related information about objects presented in GIS. In other words, GIS is a modern computer technology for mapping and analyzing real-world objects, ongoing and predicted events and phenomena.

The GIS system allows you to: determine which objects are located in a given territory; determine the location of the object (spatial analysis); give an analysis of the distribution density of some phenomenon over the territory (for example, settlement density); determine temporary changes in a certain area); simulate what will happen when changes are made to the location of objects (for example, if you add a new road).

GIS classification By territorial coverage: global GIS; subcontinental GIS; national GIS; regional GIS; subregional GIS; local or local GIS. By management level: federal GIS; regional GIS; municipal GIS; corporate GIS. By functionality: fully functional; GIS for viewing data; GIS for data entry and processing; specialized GIS. By subject area: - cartographic; -geological; -city or municipal GIS; -environmental GIS, etc.

Areas of application of GIS Land management, land cadastres. Inventory, accounting, planning of placement of distributed production infrastructure objects and their management. Design, engineering surveys, planning in construction, architecture. Thematic mapping. Management of land, air and water transport. Natural resource management, environmental protection and ecology. Geology, mineral resources, mining industry Emergency situations. Warfare. Solving a wide range of specific problems related to the calculation of visibility zones, optimal routes movement over rough terrain, taking into account opposition, etc. Agriculture.

History of GIS Pioneer period (late 1950s early 1970s) Research of fundamental possibilities, border areas of knowledge and technology, development of empirical experience, first major projects and theoretical works. The emergence of electronic computers (computers) in the 50s. The emergence of digitizers, plotters, graphic displays and others peripheral devices in the 60s. Creation of software algorithms and procedures graphic display information on displays and plotters. Creation of formal methods of spatial analysis. Creation of database management software. Period of government initiatives (early 1970s - early 1980s) Government support for GIS stimulated the development of experimental work in the field of GIS based on the use of street network databases: Automated systems navigation. Urban waste and garbage removal systems. Movement of vehicles in emergency situations, etc. Period of commercial development (early 1980s present) Wide market for a variety of software, development of desktop GIS, expansion of their scope through integration with non-spatial databases, emergence of network applications, emergence of a significant number of non-professional users, systems that support individual data sets on individual computers pave the way for systems that support enterprise and distributed geodatabases. User period (late 1980s to the present) Increased competition among commercial producers of geoinformation technology services gives advantages to GIS users, the availability and “openness” of software allows the use and even modification of programs, the emergence of user “clubs”, teleconferences, geographically separated, but related by a common theme user groups, increased need for geodata, the beginning of the formation of a global geoinformation infrastructure.

Prospects for GIS GeoDesign is an evolutionary stage in the development of GIS. It is very important for the process of planning and development of territories, especially in the field of land use and environmental protection, but is widely in demand in almost all other applied and scientific fields. The future belongs to GIS technologies with elements artificial intelligence based on the integration of GIS and expert systems. The advantages of such a symbiosis are quite obvious: the expert system will contain the knowledge of an expert in a specific field and can be used as a decision or advisory system. The current status of new computer geotechnologies is determined by large government programs, foreign investments aimed at the widespread use of aerial and space photographs, digital maps, and database visualization. The urban GIS of the future will make it possible not only to receive semantic information about objects on the map upon request, but also to predict the development of the territory, allow the city leadership to play out options for policy decisions, the possible construction of a new city district, etc. At the same time, GIS, together with a simulation modeling system, will be able to show city planners how loads will be redistributed in city utility networks, the power of traffic flows, how the price of real estate will change depending on the construction of additional highways or the construction of a new shopping center in a particular area.

Conclusion B this moment GIS systems are one of the fastest growing and most interesting in terms of commercialization, with their convenient user interface and the huge amount of information they contain make them indispensable in an ever-accelerating world. At the moment, in Russia, about 200 organizations are engaged in the development and implementation of GIS systems; the creation of a land cadastre will allow us to build other, subject-oriented maps based on its maps and supplement them with appropriate attribute content, which will allow our systems to compete with Western models. With greater development mobile access to the network via various devices GIS systems using satellite images coupled with three-dimensional modeling will allow even an ordinary user to navigate any terrain without any problems and receive all the necessary information from these systems simply by asking a question.

Konovalova N.V., Kapralov E.G. Introduction to GIS. –M.: LLC “Biblion”, p. De Mers M., Geographical information systems. M.: “Data+”, Korolev Yu.K. General geoinformatics. –M.: SP “Data+”, p. Tsvetkov V.Ya. Geographic information systems and technologies. –M.: “Finance and Statistics”, p. Koshkarev A.V., Tikunov V.S. Geoinformatics. Reference manual. M.: p. Koshkarev A.V. Geoinformatics. Interpretation of basic terms. –M.: GIS Association,

GIS Association, Digital library GASU, DATA+ Company, Geodesy.Org.Ru, GIS Topic on the portal report.ru, GIS-Lab.info, Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), 3

Global positioning systems (GPS, GLONASS, Gallileo) Satellite systems that allow you to determine the coordinates of objects with an accuracy of centimeters Geo-survey systems Satellites or aircraft with high-resolution photographic equipment Geographic information systems Software systems with capabilities for entering, managing, analyzing and displaying geographic data. The first two points are systems for entering data into GIS. GIS provides data management from these systems 4

Keepers of the cards. GIS is a system for searching and displaying maps of a certain territory on the monitor screen, as well as their legends, explanatory texts, tabular data, graphs, diagrams, etc. Map creators. GIS should be a research or design environment rather than just a reference tool 6

Internally positioned automated spatial information system created for data management, mapping and analysis Integrated computer system that collects, stores, manipulates, analyzes, models and displays spatially related data 7

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At the core is the scene - what is to be mapped. The scene is described by the values ​​of features - properties of spatial structures. Mapping method – measurement and evaluation of these features Classified and organized in a certain way, the values ​​of the features form a map legend – a rigid frame of previously specified properties 9

GIS is an open system that includes: a set of data about any spatial objects, instructions for obtaining this data, tools for processing it, tools for converting it into an image, well-organized rules for obtaining the necessary information from the system 10

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80% of the activities of government organizations are related to geodata land management, garbage collection, deployment of firefighters and police, placement of life support facilities Active use in business consumer analysis, route management exploitation of natural resources (oil, gas, ...) facility management Agriculture, construction In the army, management of military operations interpretation of satellite data In scientific research, geography, geology, botany, sociology, economics, epidemiology, criminology 12

Automation of activities related to geodata Integration of data from independent sources Interaction of complex geoinformation patterns Complex geoinformation queries Integrated geoinformation modeling (modeling of natural disasters, resource management) 13

GIS technologies are the technological basis for creating geographic information systems, allowing them to be implemented functionality Geoinformation analysis - analysis of the location, structure, relationships of objects and phenomena using spatial analysis methods Digital coverage– a family of similar spatial objects within a certain territory 14

Entering data into the machine environment by importing from existing digital data sets or by digitizing sources Data conversion, conversion between formats, changing coordinate systems Storage, manipulation and management of data in internal and external databases Mapping operations Tools for personal user settings 16

Gg. “Innovative period” Study of the fundamental capabilities of GIS, border areas of knowledge and technology, development of empirical experience, theoretical works of the years. “Period of state influence” Development of large GIS projects under the auspices of the state, formation of geoinformation government structures, reduction of the role of individual groups of researchers 19

1980-... “Period of commercial development” Wide market for various GIS, expanding the scope of their application through integration with non-spatial databases, the emergence of network applications, the emergence of a significant number of non-professional users End of 1980-... “User period” Increased competition among commercial GIS producers, the emergence of user “clubs” related to a common theme, an increased need for geodata, the beginning of the formation of a global geoinformation infrastructure. 20

Strategic planning, forecasting and identification of design needs Analysis of the activities of existing enterprises Monitoring the state of the environment Prompt response to emergency situations Information Support preventive and emergency repair work. 21

22 GIS Informatics (Computer Science) computer graphics database visualization administration database protection Geography and related sciences: cartography geodesy photography geostatistics Area of ​​use: administration geology planning mineral resources forest management marketing construction criminology

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30 Digital photos Streets Hydrography Land plots Buildings Zoning Utilities Administration Data is organized in the form of layers. Each layer contains a certain class of objects Layers are integrated using a single coordinate system on the earth's surface

Three layers: roads water resources topography They can be studied together, since they are specified in unified system coordinates Layers contain two types of data: geographic attribute Two types of layers: vector raster 4 properties of geographic data: projection, scale, resolution and accuracy 31 roads hydraulic system topography longitude latitude longitude latitude

Geographic information – describes the location of objects and is used to display information (stored in a shapefile, “Vector image data table”) attribute information – data describing the qualitative and quantitative parameters of objects (“Table of internal attributes”, “Table of external attributes”) 32

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Raster model Raster image(raster) - an image contains a grid, each element of which has additional attributes Picture (image) - a simple image consisting of pixels Vector model (vector) Any geographical object in the real world can be represented in the vector form of one of the figures: points, lines , polygons 34

Accuracy - the accuracy with which database information reflects the real world Positioning Consistency Completeness Resolution - the size of the smallest element that can fit raster data For raster data, measured in pixels 37

Areal zone - a set of adjacent locations of the same property Value - a unit of information stored in a layer for each pixel of a feature Location - the smallest unit of cartographic space for which characteristics or properties can be defined 38

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Maps with complex content (Corel Draw, InDesign, Publisher) - not GIS In GIS - georeferencing of objects and a single coordinate space In GIS - analytical processing (buffering, merging, cutting, overlaying) In GIS - the ability to ask questions (using queries) 40

41 Feature GIS map Simple map Form of storage and processing Set of files One file Coordinates of objects Real spatial or local Conditional (within the image) Graphic primitives points, lines, polygons points, lines, polygons, text... Signature attribute graph. primitive graphical object Spatial queriesYesNo Possibility of connecting adjacent images Standard operation Labor-intensive manual operation Projection transformationsYesNo

21, multitasking OS Unix, Solaris, VMS Why powerful machines? Vectorizers High detail maps Significant volumes of data (>Т" title="Simple GIS Personal Computer, Windows OS, Linux Professional GIS Workstation on RISC processors, monitor>21, multitasking OS Unix, Solaris, VMS Why powerful machines? Vectorizers High detail maps Significant amounts of data (>T" class="link_thumb"> 42 Simple GIS Personal computer, Windows OS, Linux Professional GIS Workstation on RISC processors, monitor>21, multitasking OS Unix, Solaris, VMS Why powerful machines? Vectorizers High detail maps Significant volumes of data (>TB) 42 21, multitasking OS Unix, Solaris, VMS Why powerful machines? Vectorizers High detail maps Significant volumes of data (>T"> 21, multitasking OS Unix, Solaris, VMS Why powerful machines? Vectorizers High detail maps Significant volumes of data (>TB) 42"> 21, multitasking OS Unix, Solaris, VMS Why powerful machines? Vectorizers High detail maps Significant amounts of data (>T" title="Simple GIS Personal computer, Windows OS, Linux Professional GIS Workstation on RISC processors, monitor>21, multitasking OS Unix, Solaris, VMS Why powerful machines? Vectorizers High detail of maps Significant amounts of data (>T"> title="Simple GIS Personal computer, Windows OS, Linux Professional GIS Workstation on RISC processors, monitor>21, multitasking OS Unix, Solaris, VMS Why powerful machines? Vectorizers High detail maps Significant volumes of data (>T"> !}

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Professional – management of large industries and territories (ESRI, Autodesk, Siemens) Desktop – applied scientific tasks, operational management and planning (MAP Info, ArcView, Atlas) Viewers, electronic atlases – systems for information and reference use. No editing option 45

Geographic information systems on the Internet

Performed

11th grade student

Bedretdinova Gulfiya

• Interactive maps on the Internet.
• Map resource Google Earth.
• Satellite navigation.
• Conclusion.
• Abstract on this topic.

• Geographic Information System ( GIS) - a system for collecting, storing, analyzing and graphically visualizing spatial (geographic) data and related information about the necessary objects.

• GIS allows users to search, analyze and edit both a digital map of the area and additional information about objects.

Interactive maps on the Internet

On the Internet you can find interactive maps of the world, countries and cities. The interactive map can be manipulated: zoomed in and out, and moved in all geographic directions.

Interactive maps: http://www.eatlas.ru

Google Earth Mapping Resource

The Google Earth service allows you to travel through an interactive map of the planet, created from perfectly stitched together space images with detailed three-dimensional visualization. On the interactive world map, you can explore any area and find any point, explore the surrounding area, and, if necessary, even plot the optimal route.

Satellite navigation

Satellite navigation is a system designed to determine the location of land, water and air objects.

To determine the geographic coordinates of the point where the user is located, data obtained using radio signals from satellites is used.

Compared to the capabilities of traditional cartography, GIS provide new capabilities for displaying spatial information while preserving and enriching old cartographic techniques. Ordinary paper maps are limited to two dimensions, within which it is often difficult to fit the variety of three- and four-dimensional spatiotemporal objects and phenomena.