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Personal computer: device and principle of operation

04/28/17 Personal computer - a computer (computer) intended for personal use, the price, size and capabilities of which satisfy requests a large number of people. A modern personal computer can be implemented in various versions - desktop (desktop), portable (notebook), pocket (handheld) and others. Definition

04/28/17 Desktop version of the PC This is the standard configuration of a personal computer, when the main units are separated separately: system unit; monitor; keyboard; columns; mouse.

04/28/17 Mobile PCs Notebooks Compact computers containing all the necessary components (including a monitor) in one small case, usually folding in the form of a book. To achieve small sizes, they use special technologies: specially designed microcircuits, reduced size RAM and hard drives, compact keyboard, external power supplies, a minimum of expansion slots.

04/28/17 Tablet PCs Similar to laptops, but with a pressure-sensitive screen and no mechanical keyboard. Text entry and control is carried out through the on-screen interface. Computing power is inferior to a desktop PC, as energy-saving components are used. Mobile PCs

04/28/17 Pocket PC (PDA) Ultra-portable devices that fit in your pocket. As a rule, they are controlled using a screen that is small in size and resolution, sensitive to pressing a finger or a special pen (stylus), and there is no keyboard and mouse. Screen resolution is small, typically 320x400 These devices use ultra-efficient processors and small flash drives Mobile PCs

28.04.17 The main components of a personal computer Monitor System board Processor RAM Expansion boards Power supply Optical drive Hard drive Mouse Keyboard

04/28/17 System (motherboard) board Motherboard - printed circuit board on which the chipset and other components are mounted computer system. A chipset is a set of chips on a motherboard. The chipset consists of 2 main chips: MCH - controller-memory hub - Northbridge (Northbridge) - provides interaction between the CPU and memory and video adapter. ICH - I/O controller - south bridge(Southbridge) - provides interaction between the CPU and hard drive, PCI slots, USB, etc.

04/28/17 Motherboard The name comes from the English motherboard. On the motherboard, in addition to the chipset, there are connectors for connecting the central processor, graphics card, sound card, hard drives, RAM and other connectors. All major electronic circuits computer and the necessary additional devices are included in the motherboard, or connected to it using expansion slots.

04/28/17 The most famous manufacturers of motherboards in the Russian market: Asus, Gigabyte, Intel, Elitegroup, MSI. Among the Russian manufacturers of motherboards, we can mention the Formosa company, which produced motherboards using components from Lucky Star and Albatron. Motherboard

04/28/17 Central processing unit Central processing unit (CPU) or central processing unit (CPU) (eng. central processing unit - CPU) - a processor of machine instructions, a piece of computer hardware responsible for performing the main share of information processing work. Most modern processors implement the cyclic sequential information processing process invented by John von Neumann.

28.04.17 Structural diagram of the PC Data bus Address bus Control bus CPU OP controller VnU controller … … Efficiency timer System highway

04/28/17 Random access memory Random access memory (RAM - Random Access Memory) - memory designed for temporary storage of data and commands necessary for the processor to perform operations. RAM transmits commands and data to the processor directly or through cache memory. Each RAM cell has its own individual address.

04/28/17 Modern RAM is a dynamic random access memory (DRAM). The concept of random access memory implies that the process of accessing data does not take into account the order of their location in it. A memory cell is a part of a computer storage device for storing 1 machine word (number) or part of it (for example, 1 byte). Total number memory cells of all storage devices determines the capacity of the computer memory. RAM

04/28/17 Hard disk Hard disk drive, HDD, HDD or hard drive, (English Hard Disk Drive) - non-volatile, rewritable computer storage device. It is the main storage of data in almost all modern computers.

04/28/17 Hard disk Information in the HDD is recorded on hard (aluminum or glass) plates coated with a layer of ferromagnetic material. Reading heads in the operating mode do not touch the surface of the plates, but "hover" above them. The distance between the head and the disk is several nanometers (in modern disks 5-10 nm), and the absence of mechanical contact ensures a long service life of the device.

04/28/17 The name "Winchester" In 1973, IBM released the hard disk model 3340, for the first time combining disk platters and reading heads in one one-piece housing. During its development, engineers used the short internal name "30-30", which meant two modules (in the maximum layout) of 30 MB each. Kenneth Haughton, project manager, in consonance with the designation of the popular hunting rifle “Winchester 30-30”, suggested calling this disc a “Winchester”.

04/28/17 Power supply The computer power supply is designed to supply computer components with electrical energy. Its task is to convert the mains voltage to the specified values, their stabilization and protection against minor interference of the supply voltage. Main parameter computer block power is the maximum power drawn from the network.

04/28/17 The computer power supply for today's PC platform provides output voltages of ±5, ±12, +3.3 V. The following power supply standards exist: AT - the power switch is in power circuit and is usually displayed on the front panel of the case. As a result, the computer cannot be turned on and off automatically. ATX - voltage is always applied to system board. Supports power control on a signal from the board, which has a software interface for this.

28.04.17 Optical drive An optical drive is an electrical device for reading and possibly writing information from optical media (CD-ROM, DVD-ROM). Today, most optical drives come with an IDE/ATAPI interface. External CD-ROM drives are usually made with a USB interface.

04/28/17 Optical drive The CD-ROM drive only allows you to read information from a disc The CD-RW drive allows you to both read information from a disc and write to a disc. The DVD-ROM drive allows you to read CD-R, CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD-ROM, DVD-RW discs

04/28/17 Optical drive There are specifications for DVD-RW drives: DVD-RW was developed by a group of major Japanese companies, including JVC, Hitachi, Mitsubishi; DVD+RW is supported by Sony, Philips, Yamaha. DVD+RW combo drives available as a one-stop solution

04/28/17 Monitor Monitor, display - interface of the "man - equipment - man" system. Converts digital and (or) analog information into a video image.

04/28/17 Classification of monitors By color color; monochrome. According to the type of displayed information, alphanumeric - displays capable of displaying only alphanumeric information; graphic: vector, raster

04/28/17 Classification of monitors According to the structure of the CRT - based on a cathode ray tube (English CRT - cathode ray tube); LCD - liquid crystal monitors (English LCD - liquid crystal display); Plasma - based on the plasma panel; Projection - a video projector and a screen placed separately or combined in one housing (as an option through a mirror or a system of mirrors).

04/28/17 Keyboard Keyboard - a device that is a set of buttons (keys) designed to control a device or to enter information. This is one of the main input devices in the computer.

04/28/17 The keyboard has several groups of keys: Alphanumeric and character keys; Special keys; Function keys; Keys for cursor control; Service keys for changing registers and modifying codes of other keys (Ctrl, Alt, Shift); Service keys for fixing registers; Auxiliary keys. The total number of keyboard keys is 104, however, the number of different signals from the keyboard significantly exceeds this number.

04/28/17 Computer mouse Manipulator "mouse" - one of the pointing input devices (English pointing device), providing a user interface with a computer. The mouse perceives its movement in the working plane (usually on a section of the table surface) and transmits this information to the computer. A program running on a computer, in response to mouse movement, performs an action on the screen that corresponds to the direction and distance of this movement.

04/28/17 Computer mouse In addition to the motion detector, the mouse has from one to three (or more) buttons, as well as additional controls (scroll wheels, potentiometers, joysticks, trackballs, keys, etc.). First computer mouse(by Douglas Engelbart, 1963)

28.04.17 Motion sensors at the "mouse" Ball drive The movement of the mouse is transmitted to a rubberized steel ball protruding from the body. Two rollers pressed against the ball record its movements in each of the measurements and transmit them to sensors that convert these movements into electrical signals.

04/28/17 Optical mice Optical mice are made on the basis of a microcircuit containing a photosensor and an image processor. The photosensor periodically scans the area of ​​the working surface under the mouse. When the picture changes, the processor determines in which direction and how far the mouse has moved. The scanned area is illuminated by an LED (usually red) at an oblique angle.

28.04.17 Future prospects In the next 10-20 years, the material part of the processors is likely to change, due to the fact that the technological process will reach the physical limits of production. Perhaps they will be: Quantum computers Molecular computers It is likely that, over time, the information part of the processors will have to be changed, that is, to move from binary processors on binary triggers to ternary processors on ternary triggers and, probably, to e-processors with a number system equal to the base of natural logarithms, that is, the number e \u003d 2.71 .... as once, in the days of Napier, in logarithmic tables, they switched to a base equal to the number e.


Subject: Informatics and ICT

Grade: 7

Theme: Personal computer

Planned educational results:

- subject- knowledge of the main devices of a personal computer and their current characteristics;

- metasubject- understanding the purpose of the main devices of a personal computer;

- personal- understanding the role of computers in the life of a modern person; the ability to link knowledge about the basic capabilities of a computer with one's own life experience.

Solved educational tasks:

1) systematization of students' knowledge about the main devices of a personal computer;

2) consideration of the main qualitative and quantitative characteristics of personal computer devices (as of the current period of time);

3) development of ideas about the computer as a tool for accessing the Internet; formation of general ideas about computer networks, maintaining the concept of data transfer rate.

Basic concepts studied in the lesson:

Personal Computer;

System block: motherboard; CPU; RAM; HDD;

External devices: keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, speakers;

Computer network;

Server, client.

ICT tools used in the lesson:

Teacher's personal computer (PC), multimedia projector, screen;

Students PC.

Electronic educational resources

Presentation "Personal computer";

Resources of federal educational portals:

1) animation "PC system unit";

2) animation "System unit (rear view)";

3) animation "Component of the system unit";

4) animation "Mechanical mouse";

5) animation "Optico-mechanical mouse";

6) animation "Optical mouse";

7) animation "Modern optical mouse";

8) animation "Varieties of displays";

9) animation "Open computer architecture";

10) simulator "Computer device".

Features of presenting the content of the topic of the lesson

1. Organizational moment (1 minute)

Greeting students, communicating the topic and objectives of the lesson.

2. Repetition (6 minutes)

1) visual verification of homework assignments No. 13,14, p. 62 of the textbook;

2) consideration of tasks that caused difficulties in doing homework;

3) answers to questions:

Why is a modern computer called a universal electronic program-controlled device?

What is the essence of the software principle of the computer?

What is binary data?

What's happened computer program?

How is data different from a program? What do they have in common?

List the main types of devices that make up a computer?

Name the types of computers. Which one is the most common? (Personal Computer)

3. Learning new material (25 minutes)

Today we will talk about a personal computer. Consider the devices included in its composition.

1 slide - topic of the lesson

What do you think is a personal computer? (student answers)

2 slide — Definition - Personal computer.

- All devices included in the PC can be divided into 2 groups: 1) devices included in the system unit; 2) external devices.

3 slide - scheme.

4 slide - The main part of a personal computer is the system unit.

5 - 13 slide - System unit devices

Animation "PC system unit",

Animation "System unit (back view)",

Animation "Component of the system unit".

External devices;

All computer devices that are not part of the system unit are called external.

14 slide - keyboard;

The keyboard is a device for entering information into a computer.

The standard keyboard has 104 keys, which can be divided into several groups.

Function keys F1-F12, located at the top of the keyboard, are used to execute a number of commands when working with some programs.

Symbolic(alphanumeric) keys - keys with numbers, Russian and Latin letters and other symbols, as well as the space key; used to enter information into a computer.

Cursor keys- a dash marking on the monitor screen the place of input of the next character. These include four arrow keys that move the cursor one position in a given direction, as well as the Home, End, PageUp, PageDown keys, which move the cursor to the beginning of the line, to the end of the line, one page up and one page down, respectively.

Additional keys , located on the right side of the keyboard, can work in two modes, switched by the NumLock key.

Special keys ( Enter, Esc, Shift, Delete, backspace, Insertetc.) are keys for special actions; they are dispersed throughout the keyboard.

15 slide - mouse;

The mouse manipulator is one of the main pointing input devices that provides user interaction with the computer.

Viewing and discussing animations:

Animation "Mechanical Mouse",

Animation "Optico-mechanical mouse",

Animation "Optical mouse",

Animation "Modern optical mouse".

16 slide - monitor;

Monitor - the main device of a personal computer designed to display information.

View and discuss the animation "Display Varieties".

17 slide - Printer;

Printers are designed to print information on paper.

18 slide - To enter into the computer all kinds of graphic images and texts directly from a paper original, a scanner is used.

19 slide - Input of sound information into the computer is carried out through a microphone connected to the sound card.

20 slide - To output sound information, speakers or headphones are used, which are connected to the sound card.

21 slide - The system unit, keyboard, mouse and monitor form the minimum set of devices that ensure the work

22 slide - computer networks;

23 slide - Computers connected to the network can be roughly divided into two categories: servers and clients.

24 slide — data transfer rate;

The main characteristic of connecting a computer to the Internet is the speed of data transfer over an available communication channel. It is measured in bits per second (bps), as well as Kbps (1 Kbps = 1024 bits), Mbps, and Gbps.

25 slide — A task:

The data transfer rate over a certain communication channel is 1,024,000 bps. Transferring data over this connection took 5 seconds. Determine the information volume of the file in kilobytes.

Solution.

We find the information volume of data as the product of the data transfer rate and the transfer time:

1,024,000 bps x 5 s = 5,120,000 bits.

Let's translate the result into bytes and kilobytes:

5,120,000 bits = 640,000 bytes = 625 KB.

Answer: 625 KB

4. Practical part (10 minutes)

To consolidate the information received, a task is performed using the simulator program "Computer device".

If time permits, complete tasks in workbook No. 86, 87, 88, 89.

5. Summing up the lesson. (3 minutes)

Homework message. Grading

26 slide - Homework.

§2.2, questions and tasks 1-4 to the paragraph,

RT: No. 77, 79, 82, 90.

Additional tasks: prepare a message on the topic "History of the mouse" or "The principle of the keyboard" using animations; No. 78 or No. 80 in RT.

/data/files/g1511338998.pptx (Personal computer)

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

1 slide

Description of the slide:

PRESENTATION ON THE TOPIC: Personal computer Lecturer Gukova Irina Yurievna * *

2 slide

Description of the slide:

3 slide

Description of the slide:

Personal computer - a computer (computer) intended for personal use, the price, size and capabilities of which satisfy the needs of a large number of people. A modern personal computer can be implemented in various versions - desktop (desktop), portable (notebook), pocket (handheld) and others. Definition

4 slide

Description of the slide:

Desktop version of the PC This is the standard configuration of a personal computer, when the main units are separated separately: the system unit; monitor; keyboard; columns; mouse.

5 slide

Description of the slide:

The main components of a personal computer Monitor System board Processor RAM Expansion boards Power supply Optical drive Hard drive Mouse Keyboard

6 slide

Description of the slide:

System (motherboard) board A motherboard is a printed circuit board on which a chipset and other components of a computer system are mounted. A chipset is a set of chips on a motherboard. The chipset consists of 2 main chips: MCH - controller-memory hub - Northbridge (Northbridge) - provides interaction between the CPU and memory and video adapter. ICH - I / O controller - Southbridge (Southbridge) - provides interaction between the CPU and hard drive, PCI slots, USB, etc.

7 slide

Description of the slide:

Motherboard The name comes from the English motherboard. On the motherboard, in addition to the chipset, there are connectors for connecting the central processor, graphics card, sound card, hard drives, RAM and other connectors. All the main electronic circuits of the computer and the necessary additional devices are included in the motherboard, or connected to it using expansion slots. The most famous manufacturers of motherboards in the Russian market are Asus, Gigabyte, Intel, Elitegroup, MSI. Among the Russian manufacturers of motherboards, we can mention the Formosa company, which produced motherboards using components from Lucky Star and Albatron.

8 slide

Description of the slide:

Central processing unit Central processing unit (CPU) or central processing unit (CPU) (English central processing unit - CPU) - a processor of machine instructions, a piece of computer hardware responsible for performing the bulk of information processing work. Most modern processors implement the cyclic sequential information processing process invented by John von Neumann.

9 slide

Description of the slide:

Random access memory Random access memory (RAM - Random Access Memory) - memory designed for temporary storage of data and commands necessary for the processor to perform operations. RAM transmits commands and data to the processor directly or through cache memory. Each RAM cell has its own individual address.

10 slide

Description of the slide:

Modern RAM is dynamic random access memory (DRAM). The concept of random access memory implies that the process of accessing data does not take into account the order of their location in it. A memory cell is a part of a computer storage device for storing 1 machine word (number) or part of it (for example, 1 byte). The total number of memory cells of all storage devices determines the capacity of the computer memory. RAM

11 slide

Description of the slide:

Hard disk A hard disk drive, hard disk, HDD or hard drive, (eng. Hard Disk Drive) is a non-volatile, rewritable computer storage device. It is the main data storage device in almost all modern computers. Information in the HDD is recorded on rigid (aluminum or glass) plates coated with a layer of ferromagnetic material. Reading heads in the operating mode do not touch the surface of the plates, but "hover" above them. The distance between the head and the disk is several nanometers (in modern disks 5-10 nm), and the absence of mechanical contact ensures a long service life of the device.

12 slide

Description of the slide:

The name "Winchester" In 1973, IBM released the hard disk model 3340, which for the first time combined disk platters and reading heads in one one-piece housing. During its development, engineers used the short internal name "30-30", which meant two modules (in the maximum layout) of 30 MB each. Kenneth Haughton, project manager, in consonance with the designation of the popular hunting rifle “Winchester 30-30”, suggested calling this disc a “Winchester”.

13 slide

Description of the slide:

Power supply The computer power supply is designed to supply computer components with electrical energy. Its task is to convert the mains voltage to the specified values, their stabilization and protection against minor interference of the supply voltage. The main parameter of a computer power supply is the maximum power consumed from the network. The computer power supply for today's PC platform provides output voltages of ±5, ±12, +3.3 V. The following power supply standards exist: AT - the power switch is located in the power circuit and is usually displayed on the front panel of the case. As a result, the computer cannot be turned on and off automatically. ATX - voltage is always supplied to the system board. Supports power control on a signal from the board, which has a software interface for this.

14 slide

Description of the slide:

Optical drive An optical drive is an electrical device for reading and possibly writing information from optical media (CD-ROM, DVD-ROM). Today, most optical drives come with an IDE/ATAPI interface. External CD-ROM drives are usually made with a USB interface.

15 slide

Description of the slide:

Monitor Monitor, display - interface of the "man - equipment - man" system. Converts digital and (or) analog information into a video image.

16 slide

Description of the slide:

Classification of monitors By color color; monochrome. According to the type of displayed information, alphanumeric - displays capable of displaying only alphanumeric information; graphics: vector, raster According to the structure of the CRT - based on a cathode ray tube (English CRT - cathode ray tube); LCD - liquid crystal monitors (English LCD - liquid crystal display); Plasma - based on the plasma panel; Projection - a video projector and a screen placed separately or combined in one housing (as an option through a mirror or a system of mirrors).

17 slide

Description of the slide:

Keyboard A keyboard is a device that is a set of buttons (keys) designed to control a device or to enter information. This is one of the main input devices in the computer. The keyboard has several groups of keys: Alphanumeric and character keys; Special keys; Function keys; Keys for cursor control; Service keys for changing registers and modifying codes of other keys (Ctrl, Alt, Shift); Service keys for fixing registers; Auxiliary keys. The total number of keyboard keys is 104, however, the number of different signals from the keyboard significantly exceeds this number.

  • slide 2

    Definition

    • 15.05.2016
    • Personal computer - a computer (computer) intended for personal use, the price, size and capabilities of which satisfy the needs of a large number of people.
    • A modern personal computer can be implemented in various versions - desktop (desktop), portable (notebook), pocket (handheld) and others.

  • slide 4

    Mobile PCs

    • 15.05.2016
    • laptops
    • Compact computers containing all the necessary components (including the monitor) in one small case, usually folding in the form of a book.
    • To achieve small sizes, special technologies are used in them:
    • specially designed microcircuits,
    • RAM and hard drives of reduced dimensions,
    • compact keyboard,
    • external power supplies,
    • minimum expansion slots.

  • slide 5

    • 15.05.2016
    • Tablet PCs
    • Similar to laptops, but with a pressure-sensitive screen and no mechanical keyboard.
    • Text entry and control is carried out through the on-screen interface.
    • Computing power is inferior to a desktop PC, as energy-saving components are used.
    • Mobile PCs

  • slide 6

    • 15.05.2016
    • Pocket PC (PDA)
    • Ultra-portable devices that fit in your pocket.
    • As a rule, they are controlled using a screen that is small in size and resolution, sensitive to pressing a finger or a special pen (stylus), and there is no keyboard and mouse.
    • The screen resolution is small, usually 320x400
    • These devices use ultra-efficient processors and small flash drives.
    • Mobile PCs

  • Slide 7

    The main components of a personal computer

    • 15.05.2016
    • Monitor
    • Motherboard
    • CPU
    • RAM
    • Expansion boards
    • Power Supply
    • optical drive
    • HDD
    • Keyboard

  • Slide 8

    Motherboard

    • 15.05.2016
    • The motherboard is a printed circuit board on which the chipset and other components of a computer system are mounted.
    • A chipset is a set of chips on a motherboard.
    • The chipset consists of 2 main chips:
    • MCH - controller-memory hub - Northbridge (Northbridge) - provides interaction between the CPU and memory and video adapter.
    • ICH - input-output controller - Southbridge (Southbridge) - provides interaction between the CPU and hard drive, PCI slots, USB, etc.

  • Slide 9

    Motherboard

    • 15.05.2016
    • The name comes from the English motherboard.
    • On the motherboard, in addition to the chipset, there are connectors for connecting the central processor, graphics card, sound card, hard drives, RAM and other connectors.
    • All the main electronic circuits of the computer and the necessary additional devices are included in the motherboard, or connected to it using expansion slots.

  • Slide 10

    • 15.05.2016
    • The most famous manufacturers of motherboards in the Russian market are Asus, Gigabyte, Intel, Elitegroup, MSI.
    • Among the Russian manufacturers of motherboards, we can mention the Formosa company, which produced motherboards using components from Lucky Star and Albatron.
    • Motherboard

  • slide 11

    CPU

    • 15.05.2016
    • The central processing unit (CPU) or central processing unit (CPU) (eng. central processing unit - CPU) is a processor of machine instructions, a piece of computer hardware responsible for performing the bulk of information processing work.
    • Most modern processors implement the cyclic sequential information processing process invented by John von Neumann.

  • slide 12

    Block diagram of a PC

    • 15.05.2016
    • Data bus
    • Address bus
    • Control bus
    • controller
    • controller
    • Timer
    • System highway

  • slide 13

    RAM

    • 15.05.2016
    • Random access memory (RAM - random access memory) - memory designed for temporary storage of data and commands necessary for the processor to perform operations.
    • RAM transmits commands and data to the processor directly or through cache memory.
    • Each RAM cell has its own individual address.

  • Slide 14

    • 15.05.2016
    • Modern RAM is dynamic random access memory (DRAM).
    • The concept of random access memory implies that the process of accessing data does not take into account the order of their location in it.
    • A memory cell is a part of a computer storage device for storing 1 machine word (number) or part of it (for example, 1 byte).
    • The total number of memory cells of all storage devices determines the capacity of the computer memory.
    • RAM

  • slide 15

    HDD

    • 15.05.2016
    • A hard disk drive, hard disk, HDD or hard drive, (eng. Hard Disk Drive) is a non-volatile, rewritable computer storage device.
    • It is the main data storage device in almost all modern computers.

  • slide 16

    • 15.05.2016
    • Information in the HDD is recorded on rigid (aluminum or glass) plates coated with a layer of ferromagnetic material.
    • Reading heads in the operating mode do not touch the surface of the plates, but "hover" above them.
    • The distance between the head and the disk is several nanometers (in modern disks 5-10 nm), and the absence of mechanical contact ensures a long service life of the device.

  • Slide 17

    Name "Winchester"

    • 15.05.2016
    • In 1973, IBM released the Model 3340 hard disk, which for the first time combined disk platters and read heads in one integral case.
    • During its development, engineers used the short internal name "30-30", which meant two modules (in the maximum layout) of 30 MB each.
    • Kenneth Haughton, project leader, in consonance with the designation of the popular hunting rifle "Winchester 30-30", suggested calling this disk a "Winchester".

  • Slide 18

    Power Supply

    • 15.05.2016
    • The computer power supply is designed to supply computer components with electrical energy.
    • Its task is to convert the mains voltage to the specified values, their stabilization and protection against minor interference of the supply voltage.
    • The main parameter of a computer power supply is the maximum power consumed from the network.

  • Slide 19

    • 15.05.2016
    • The computer power supply for today's PC platform provides ±5, ±12, +3.3 V output voltages.
    • The following power supply standards exist:
    • The AT power switch is located in the power circuit and is usually displayed on the front panel of the case. As a result, the computer cannot be turned on and off automatically.
    • ATX - voltage is always supplied to the system board. Supports power control on a signal from the board, which has a software interface for this.

  • Slide 20

    optical drive

    • 15.05.2016
    • An optical drive is an electrical device for reading and possibly writing information from optical media (CD-ROM, DVD-ROM).
    • Today, most optical drives come with an IDE/ATAPI interface.
    • External CD-ROM drives are usually made with a USB interface.

  • slide 21

    • 15.05.2016
    • The CD-ROM drive only allows you to read information from the disc.
    • A CD-RW drive allows you to both read information from a disc and write it to a disc.
    • The DVD-ROM drive allows you to read CD-R, CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD-ROM, DVD-RW discs

  • slide 22

    • 15.05.2016
    • There are specifications for DVD-RW drives:
    • DVD-RW was developed by a group of major Japanese companies, including JVC, Hitachi, Mitsubishi;
    • DVD+RW is supported by Sony, Philips, Yamaha.
    • DVD+RW combo drives available as a one-stop solution

  • slide 23

    Monitor

    • 15.05.2016
    • Monitor, display - interface of the "man - equipment - man" system. Converts digital and (or) analog information into a video image.

  • slide 24

    Monitor classification

    • 15.05.2016
    • By color
    • colored;
    • monochrome.
    • Type of output information
    • alphanumeric - displays capable of displaying only alphanumeric information;
    • graphic: vector, raster

  • Slide 25

    • 15.05.2016
    • By structure
    • CRT - based on a cathode ray tube (English CRT - cathode ray tube);
    • LCD - liquid crystal monitors (English LCD - liquid crystal display);
    • Plasma - based on the plasma panel;
    • Projection - a video projector and a screen placed separately or combined in one housing (as an option through a mirror or a system of mirrors).

  • Slide 28

    Computer mouse

    • 15.05.2016
    • The mouse manipulator is one of the pointing input devices (English pointing device) that provide a user interface with a computer.
    • The mouse perceives its movement in the working plane (usually on a section of the table surface) and transmits this information to the computer.
    • A program running on a computer, in response to mouse movement, performs an action on the screen that corresponds to the direction and distance of this movement.

  • Slide 29

    • 15.05.2016
    • In addition to the motion detector, the mouse has one to three (or more) buttons, as well as additional controls (scroll wheels, potentiometers, joysticks, trackballs, keys, etc.).
    • The first computer mouse (by Douglas Engelbart, 1963)

  • slide 30

    Displacement sensors

    • 15.05.2016
    • ball drive
    • mouse movement is transmitted to a rubberized steel ball protruding from the body
    • Two rollers pressed against the ball record its movements in each of the measurements and transmit them to sensors that convert these movements into electrical signals.

  • Slide 31

    • 15.05.2016
    • Optical mice
    • Optical mice are made on the basis of a microcircuit containing a photosensor and an image processor.
    • The photosensor periodically scans the area of ​​the working surface under the mouse.
    • When the picture changes, the processor determines in which direction and how far the mouse has moved.
    • The scanned area is illuminated by an LED (usually red) at an oblique angle.

  • slide 32

    Future prospects

    • 15.05.2016
    • In the next 10-20 years, the material part of the processors will most likely change, due to the fact that the technological process will reach the physical limits of production.
    • Perhaps these will be:
    • quantum computers
    • Molecular computers
    • It is likely that, over time, the information part of the processors will also have to be changed, that is, to move from binary processors on binary triggers to ternary processors on ternary triggers and, probably, to e-processors with a number system equal to the base of natural logarithms, that is, the number e = 2.71....
    • how once, in the days of Napier, in logarithmic tables they switched to a base equal to the number e.

    • View all slides

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    Personal computer - a computer (computer) intended for personal use, the price, size and capabilities of which satisfy the needs of a large number of people. A modern personal computer can be implemented in various versions - desktop (desktop), portable (notebook), pocket (handheld) and others.

    Definition

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    Mobile PCs

    Notebooks Compact computers containing all the necessary components (including the monitor) in one small case, usually folding in the form of a book. To achieve small dimensions, they use special technologies: specially designed microcircuits, RAM and hard drives of reduced dimensions, a compact keyboard, external power supplies, a minimum of expansion slots.

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    Pocket PC (PDA) Ultra-portable devices that fit in your pocket. As a rule, they are controlled using a screen that is small in size and resolution, sensitive to pressing a finger or a special pen (stylus), and there is no keyboard and mouse. The screen resolution is small, usually 320x400 These devices use ultra-efficient processors and small flash drives

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    The main components of a personal computer

    Monitor System board Processor RAM Expansion cards Power supply Optical drive Hard drive Mouse Keyboard

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    System (motherboard) board

    The motherboard is a printed circuit board on which the chipset and other components of a computer system are mounted. A chipset is a set of chips on a motherboard. The chipset consists of 2 main chips: MCH - controller-memory hub - Northbridge (Northbridge) - provides interaction between the CPU and memory and video adapter. ICH - I / O controller - Southbridge (Southbridge) - provides interaction between the CPU and hard drive, PCI slots, USB, etc.

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    Motherboard

    The name comes from the English motherboard. On the motherboard, in addition to the chipset, there are connectors for connecting the central processor, graphics card, sound card, hard drives, RAM and other connectors. All the main electronic circuits of the computer and the necessary additional devices are included in the motherboard, or connected to it using expansion slots.

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    CPU

    The central processing unit (CPU) or central processing unit (CPU) (eng. central processing unit - CPU) is a processor of machine instructions, a piece of computer hardware responsible for performing the bulk of information processing work. Most modern processors implement the cyclic sequential information processing process invented by John von Neumann.

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    RAM

    Random access memory (RAM - random access memory) - memory designed to temporarily store data and commands necessary for the processor to perform operations. RAM transmits commands and data to the processor directly or through cache memory. Each RAM cell has its own individual address.

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    Modern RAM is dynamic random access memory (DRAM). The concept of random access memory implies that the process of accessing data does not take into account the order of their location in it. A memory cell is a part of a computer storage device for storing 1 machine word (number) or part of it (for example, 1 byte). The total number of memory cells of all storage devices determines the capacity of the computer memory.

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    HDD

    A hard disk drive, hard disk, HDD or hard drive, (eng. Hard Disk Drive) is a non-volatile, rewritable computer storage device. It is the main data storage device in almost all modern computers.

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    Information in the HDD is recorded on rigid (aluminum or glass) plates coated with a layer of ferromagnetic material. Reading heads in the operating mode do not touch the surface of the plates, but "hover" above them. The distance between the head and the disk is several nanometers (in modern disks 5-10 nm), and the absence of mechanical contact ensures a long service life of the device.

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    Name "Winchester"

    In 1973, IBM released the Model 3340 hard disk, which for the first time combined disk platters and read heads in one integral case. During its development, engineers used the short internal name "30-30", which meant two modules (in the maximum layout) of 30 MB each. Kenneth Haughton, project manager, in consonance with the designation of the popular hunting rifle “Winchester 30-30”, suggested calling this disc a “Winchester”.

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    Power Supply

    The computer power supply is designed to supply computer components with electrical energy. Its task is to convert the mains voltage to the specified values, their stabilization and protection against minor interference of the supply voltage. The main parameter of a computer power supply is the maximum power consumed from the network.

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    The computer power supply for today's PC platform provides output voltages of ±5, ±12, +3.3 V. The following power supply standards exist: AT - the power switch is located in the power circuit and is usually displayed on the front panel of the case. As a result, the computer cannot be turned on and off automatically. ATX - voltage is always supplied to the system board. Supports power control on a signal from the board, which has a software interface for this.

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    optical drive

    An optical drive is an electrical device for reading and possibly writing information from optical media (CD-ROM, DVD-ROM). Today, most optical drives come with an IDE/ATAPI interface. External CD-ROM drives are usually made with a USB interface.

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    Monitor, display - interface of the "man - equipment - man" system. Converts digital and (or) analog information into a video image.

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    Monitor classification

    Colored by color; monochrome. According to the type of displayed information, alphanumeric - displays capable of displaying only alphanumeric information; graphic: vector, raster

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    According to the structure of a CRT - based on a cathode ray tube (English CRT - cathode ray tube); LCD - liquid crystal monitors (English LCD - liquid crystal display); Plasma - based on the plasma panel; Projection - a video projector and a screen placed separately or combined in one housing (as an option through a mirror or a system of mirrors).

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    Keyboard

    Keyboard - a device that is a set of buttons (keys) designed to control a device or to enter information. This is one of the main input devices in the computer.

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    The keyboard has several groups of keys: Alphanumeric and character keys; Special keys; Function keys; Keys for cursor control; Service keys for changing registers and modifying codes of other keys (Ctrl, Alt, Shift); Service keys for fixing registers; Auxiliary keys. The total number of keyboard keys is 104, however, the number of different signals from the keyboard significantly exceeds this number.

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    Computer mouse

    The mouse manipulator is one of the pointing input devices (English pointing device) that provide a user interface with a computer. The mouse perceives its movement in the working plane (usually on a section of the table surface) and transmits this information to the computer. A program running on a computer, in response to mouse movement, performs an action on the screen that corresponds to the direction and distance of this movement.

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    Mouse movement sensors

    The ball drive moves the mouse to a rubberized steel ball protruding from the body. Two rollers pressed against the ball record its movements in each of the measurements and transmit them to sensors that convert these movements into electrical signals.

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    Optical mice Optical mice are made on the basis of a microcircuit containing a photosensor and an image processor. The photosensor periodically scans the area of ​​the working surface under the mouse. When the picture changes, the processor determines in which direction and how far the mouse has moved. The scanned area is illuminated by an LED (usually red) at an oblique angle.

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    Future prospects

    In the next 10-20 years, the material part of the processors will most likely change, due to the fact that the technological process will reach the physical limits of production. Perhaps they will be: Quantum computers Molecular computers It is likely that, over time, the information part of the processors will have to be changed, that is, to move from binary processors on binary triggers to ternary processors on ternary triggers and, probably, to e-processors with a number system equal to the base of natural logarithms, that is, the number e \u003d 2.71 .... as once, in the days of Napier, in logarithmic tables, they switched to a base equal to the number e.

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