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"Capacitor physics" - - Paper capacitor - mica capacitor electrolytic capacitor. Purpose of capacitors. Capacitors. When connecting an electrolytic capacitor, polarity must be observed. Air condenser. Definition of a capacitor. Presentation in Physics on the Topic: Paper capacitor. The work was completed by: Regina Dautova.

There are 9 presentations in total

Slide 1

Types of capacitors and their applications.

Slide 2

A capacitor is a device for storing charge. One of the most common electrical components. There are many different types of capacitors, which are classified according to different properties.

Slide 3

Basically, the types of capacitors are divided: According to the nature of the change in capacitance - constant capacitance, variable capacitance and tuning. According to the dielectric material - air, metallized paper, mica, Teflon, polycarbonate, oxide dielectric (electrolyte). According to the installation method - for printed or mounted mounting.

Slide 4

Ceramic capacitors.

Ceramic capacitors or ceramic disk capacitors are made of a small ceramic disk coated on both sides with a conductor (usually silver). Due to their fairly high relative dielectric constant (6 to 12), ceramic capacitors can accommodate quite a large capacitance in a relatively small physical size.

Slide 5

Film capacitors.

The capacitance of the capacitor depends on the area of ​​the plates. In order to compactly accommodate a large area, film capacitors are used. The principle of “multi-layering” is used here. Those. create many layers of dielectric, alternating layers of plates. However, from an electrical point of view, these are the same two conductors separated by a dielectric, like a flat ceramic capacitor.

Slide 6

Electrolytic capacitors.

Electrolytic capacitors are usually used when large capacitance is required. The design of this type of capacitor is similar to that of film capacitors, only here instead of a dielectric, special paper impregnated with electrolyte is used. The capacitor plates are made of aluminum or tantalum.

Slide 7

Tantalum capacitors.

Tantalum capacitors are physically smaller than their aluminum counterparts. In addition, the electrolytic properties of tantalum oxide are better than aluminum oxide - tantalum capacitors have significantly less current leakage and higher capacitance stability. The range of typical capacitances is from 47nF to 1500uF. Tantalum electrolytic capacitors are also polar, but they tolerate incorrect polarity connections better than their aluminum counterparts. However, the range of typical voltages for tantalum components is much lower - from 1V to 125V.

Slide 8

Variable capacitors.

Variable capacitors are widely used in devices that often require adjustment during operation - receivers, transmitters, measuring instruments, signal generators, audio and video equipment. Changing the capacitance of the capacitor allows you to influence the characteristics of the signal passing through it.

Slide 9

Trimmer capacitors.

Trimmer capacitors are used for one-time or periodic capacitance adjustment, in contrast to “standard” variable capacitors, where the capacitance changes in “real time”. This adjustment is intended for the equipment manufacturers themselves, and not for its users, and is performed with a special adjusting screwdriver. A regular steel screwdriver is not suitable as it may affect the capacitance of the capacitor. The capacity of tuning capacitors is usually small - up to 500 picoFarads.

Slide 10

Application of capacitors.

An important property of a capacitor in an alternating current circuit is its ability to act as capacitive reactance (inductive in the coil). If you connect a capacitor and a light bulb in series to a battery, it will not light up. But if you connect it to an AC source, it will light up. And the higher the capacitance of the capacitor, the brighter it will glow. Due to this property, they are widely used as a filter, which can quite successfully suppress HF and LF interference, voltage ripple and AC surges.

Slide 11

Due to the ability of capacitors to accumulate charge for a long time and then quickly discharge in a circuit with low resistance to create a pulse, it makes them indispensable in the production of photo flashes, electromagnetic-type accelerators, lasers, etc. Capacitors are used when connecting a 380 to 220 Volt electric motor. It is connected to the third terminal, and due to the fact that it shifts the phase by 90 degrees on the third terminal, it becomes possible to use a three-phase motor in a single-phase 220 Volt network. In industry, capacitor units are used to compensate reactive energy.

Slide 12

The ability of a capacitor to accumulate and store electrical charge for a long time has made it possible to use it in elements for storing information. And also as a power source for low-power devices. For example, an electrician's probe, which you just need to insert into a socket for a couple of seconds until the built-in capacitor is charged, and then you can ring circuits with it all day long. But unfortunately, the capacitor is significantly inferior in its ability to store electrical energy from a battery due to leakage currents (self-discharge) and the inability to accumulate large amounts of electrical energy.

MAOU Gymnasium No. 1

Presentation on physics in 10th grade

"Capacitors"

Physics teacher

I qualification category

Belogorsk, Amur Region

Elena Nikolaevna Klimenko Physics teacher Presentation on the topic “Lens” Grade 11 Municipal educational institution secondary school with in-depth study of individual subjects No. 1 Belogorsk, Amur Region

CAPACITOR – two conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric layer, the thickness of which is small compared to the size of the conductors.

WITH- electrical capacity (the ability of two conductors to accumulate electrical charge).

C=q/U q- charge, U- voltage

In SI, electrical capacity is measured in F (farad), 1F = 1 C/V

Capacitance of the capacitor depends from:

• distance between plates –d(m),
• plate area –S(m),
• depending on the type of dielectric – ε (dielectric constant of the medium).

C =εέS/d

έ – electrical constant

Based on the type of dielectric, capacitors are divided into:

• Vacuum
• Gaseous
• Liquid
• Glass
• Mica
• Ceramic
• Paper
• Electrolytic
• Oxide semiconductor

Methods for connecting capacitors:

• sequential

2) parallel

Capacitors are distinguished by the possibility of changing their capacitance :

• permanent capacitors - capacity does not change
• variable capacitors - the capacity changes during the operation of the equipment
• Trimmer capacitors – the capacity changes during one-time or periodic adjustment and does not change during operation of the equipment

Energy of a charged capacitor determined by the formula:

Si: [W] = J

Name

Capacity

Flat capacitor

Scheme

Cylindrical capacitor

Spherical capacitor

Application of capacitors :

• Capacitors (together with inductors and/or resistors) are used to construct various circuits with frequency-dependent properties, in particular, filters, chains feedback , oscillatory circuits and so on.
• When a capacitor is quickly discharged, a high power pulse can be obtained, for example, in photo flashes , electromagnetic accelerators , optically pumped pulsed lasers , Marx generators, (GIN; GIT) , generators Cockcroft-Walton and so on.
• Since a capacitor is capable of retaining a charge for a long time, it can be used as an element memory or electrical energy storage devices.
• Liquid level meter. A non-conducting liquid fills the space between the plates of the capacitor, and the capacitance of the capacitor varies depending on the level
• Measuring transducer (MT) of air humidity, wood (a change in the composition of the dielectric leads to a change in capacitance).
• Capacitors are able to accumulate a large charge and create a high voltage on the plates, which is used for acceleration charged particles or to create short-term powerful electrical discharges

Literature sources:

1.Handbook of physics. H. Kuhling., Moscow “Mir”, 1983.

2. Textbook on physics 10th grade G.Ya.Myakishev. , B.B. Bukhovtsev., N.N. Sotsky. 2004.